18 Years Mother Jones From Never Again to Oh Well

Irish-born American labor and customs organizer (1837–1930)

Female parent Jones
Jones in 1902
Born	Mary Thousand. Harris Cork, Ireland
Baptized	August 1, 1837
Died	November 30, 1930 (anile 93) Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S.
Occupation	Union organizer community organizer activist schoolteacher dressmaker
Political party	Social Autonomous (1898–1901) Socialist (from 1901)

Mary Thou. Harris Jones (1837 (baptized) – Nov xxx, 1930), known as Mother Jones from 1897 onwards, was an Irish-born American schoolteacher and dressmaker who became a prominent union organizer, community organizer, and activist. She helped coordinate major strikes and co-founded the Industrial Workers of the World.

After Jones' husband and 4 children all died of xanthous fever in 1867, and her dress store was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, she became an organizer for the Knights of Labor and the United Mine Workers union. In 1902, she was chosen "the most dangerous woman in America" for her success in organizing mine workers and their families against the mine owners. ^[1] In 1903, to protest the lax enforcement of the child labor laws in the Pennsylvania mines and silk mills, she organized a children'southward march from Philadelphia to the home of President Theodore Roosevelt in New York.

Early life [edit]

The Mother Jones Memorial near her birthplace

Mary Grand. Harris was born on the north side of Cork, the daughter of Roman Catholic tenant farmers Richard Harris and Ellen (née Cotter) Harris.^[2] Her exact date of birth is uncertain; she was baptized on Baronial 1, 1837.^{[three] [4]} Harris and her family were victims of the Bang-up Famine, equally were many other Irish families. The dearth collection more than than a meg families, including the Harrises, to immigrate to North America when Harris was 10.^[5]

Formative years [edit]

Mary was a teenager when her family emigrated to Canada.^{[half dozen]} In Canada (and later in the United States), the Harris family were victims of discrimination due to their immigrant status too equally their Cosmic faith and Irish heritage. Mary received an education in Toronto at the Toronto Normal School, which was tuition-gratuitous and even paid a stipend to each student of i dollar per week for every semester completed. Mary did not graduate from the Toronto Normal School, but she was able to undergo enough training to occupy a teaching position at a convent in Monroe, Michigan, on August 31, 1859 at the age of 23.^[5] She was paid eight dollars per month, but the school was described as a "depressing identify".^[seven] Subsequently tiring of her assumed profession, she moved beginning to Chicago and then to Memphis, where in 1861 she married George E. Jones, a fellow member and organizer of the National Union of Iron Moulders,^[viii] which later became the International Molders and Foundry Workers Union of North America, which represented workers who specialized in edifice and repairing steam engines, mills, and other manufactured appurtenances.^[ix] Considering that Mary'due south husband was providing enough income to back up the household, she contradistinct her labor to housekeeping.

The loss of her husband and their four children, 3 girls and a boy (all under the age of five) in 1867, during a yellowish fever epidemic in Memphis marked a turning indicate in her life. Later that tragedy, she returned to Chicago to begin another dressmaking business.^[x] She did piece of work for those of the upper grade of Chicago in the 1870s and 1880s.^[5] Then, four years later on, she lost her home, shop, and possessions in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. This huge burn destroyed many homes and shops. Jones, similar many others, helped rebuild the metropolis. According to her autobiography, this led to her joining the Knights of Labor.^[11] She started organizing strikes. At first, the strikes and protests failed, sometimes ending with police shooting at and killing protesters. The Knights mainly attracted men simply by the center of the decade fellow member numbers leaped to more than a million becoming the largest labor organization in the country. The Haymarket Thing of 1886 and the fear of anarchism and social change incited by matrimony organizations resulted in the demise of the Knights of Labor when an unknown person threw a bomb into an altercation between the Chicago police force and workers on strike.^[5] Once the Knights ceased to exist, Mary Jones became involved mainly with the United Mine Workers. She oftentimes led UMW strikers in picketing and encouraged striking workers to stay on strike when management brought in strike-breakers and militias.^[nine] She believed that "working men deserved a wage that would permit women to stay habitation to care for their kids."^[12] Effectually this time, strikes were getting better organized and started to produce greater results, such as improve pay for the workers.^[xiii]

Another source of her transformation into an organizer, according to biographer Elliott Gorn, was her early on Roman Catholicism and her relationship to her brother, Father William Richard Harris. He was a Roman Catholic teacher, author, pastor, and dean of the Niagara Peninsula (in St. Catharines, Ontario) in the Diocese of Toronto, who was "among the best-known clerics in Ontario", but from whom she was reportedly estranged.^{[14] [ page needed ]} Her political views may accept been influenced by the 1877 railroad strike, Chicago's labor movement, and the Haymarket Matter and depression of 1886.^[6]

Active every bit an organizer and educator in strikes throughout the country at the fourth dimension, she was involved especially with the UMW and the Socialist Party of America. Equally a union organizer, she gained prominence for organizing the wives and children of striking workers in demonstrations on their behalf. She was termed "the nigh unsafe woman in America" by a West Virginian district chaser, Reese Blizzard, in 1902, at her trial for ignoring an injunction banning meetings by striking miners. "In that location sits the most dangerous adult female in America", announced Blizzard. "She comes into a state where peace and prosperity reign ... crooks her finger [and] twenty thousand contented men lay down their tools and walk out."^[ane]

Jones was ideologically separated from many female activists of the pre-Nineteenth Amendment days due to her lack of commitment to female suffrage. She was quoted every bit saying that "yous don't need the vote to raise hell!"^[15] She opposed many of the activists considering she believed it was more important to liberate the working grade itself. When some suffragettes accused her of being anti-women'due south rights she clearly articulated herself, "I'one thousand not an anti to anything which brings liberty to my class."^[xvi] She became known equally a charismatic and effective speaker throughout her career.^[17] She was an exceptionally talented orator. Occasionally she would include props, visual aids, and dramatic stunts for result.^[17] Her talks usually involved the relating of some personal tale in which she invariably "showed upward" one form of potency or some other. It is said Mother Jones spoke in a pleasant-sounding brogue which projected well. When she grew excited, her vocalization dropped in pitch.^[18]

By age 60, she had assumed the persona of "Mother Jones" by challenge to be older than she was, wearing outdated blackness dresses and referring to the male workers that she helped as "her boys". The first reference to her in print as Female parent Jones was in 1897.^[vi]

"March of the Manufactory Children" [edit]

In 1901, workers in Pennsylvania's silk mills went on strike. Many of them were young women enervating to be paid developed wages.^[19] The 1900 census had revealed that one 6th of American children under the age of sixteen were employed. John Mitchell, the president of the UMWA, brought Mother Jones to north-eastward Pennsylvania in the months of February and September to encourage unity amid hitting workers. To practice so, she encouraged the wives of the workers to organize into a group that would wield brooms, beat out on can pans, and shout "join the spousal relationship!" She felt that wives had an of import role to play as the nurturers and motivators of the striking men, but non as boyfriend workers. She claimed that the young girls working in the mills were being robbed and demoralized.^[19] The rich were denying these children the right to go to school in order to be able to pay for their own children'south college tuitions.

To enforce worker solidarity, she traveled to the silk mills in New Jersey and returned to Pennsylvania to report that the conditions she observed were much better. She stated that "the child labor law is better enforced for ane thing and there are more men at work than seen in the mills here." In response to the strike, mill owners also divulged their side of the story. They claimed that if the workers notwithstanding insisted on a wage scale, they would non exist able to do business while paying developed wages and would be forced to shut.^[20] Even Jones herself encouraged the workers to take a settlement. Although she agreed to a settlement that sent the young girls back to the mills, she continued to fight kid labor for the balance of her life.^[20]

In 1903, Jones organized children who were working in mills and mines to participate in a "Children'southward Crusade", a march from Kensington, Philadelphia to Oyster Bay, New York, the hometown of President Theodore Roosevelt with banners demanding "We want to become to schoolhouse and not the mines!"^{[21] [22] [23]}

As Mother Jones noted, many of the children at union headquarters were missing fingers and had other disabilities, and she attempted to get newspaper publicity for the bad conditions experienced by children working in Pennsylvania. Withal, the mill owners held stock in well-nigh newspapers. When the newspapermen informed her that they could not publish the facts about child labor because of this, she remarked "Well, I've got stock in these little children and I'll arrange a little publicity."^[24] Permission to run into President Roosevelt was denied by his secretary, and it was suggested that Jones accost a letter of the alphabet to the president requesting a visit with him. Fifty-fifty though Mother Jones wrote a letter asking for a coming together, she never received an answer.^[25] Though the president refused to meet with the marchers, the incident brought the issue of kid labor to the forefront of the public agenda. The 2003 non-fiction volume Kids on Strike! described Jones's Children's Crusade in detail.

Activism and criminal charges [edit]

During the Pigment Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912 in West Virginia, Mary Jones arrived in June 1912, speaking and organizing despite a shooting war between United Mine Workers members and the private army of the mine owners. Martial police force in the area was declared and rescinded twice before Jones was arrested on Feb 13, 1913 and brought before a military court. Accused of conspiring to commit murder among other charges, she refused to recognize the legitimacy of her court-martial. She was sentenced to twenty years in the land penitentiary. During house abort at Mrs. Carney'southward Boarding House, she caused a dangerous case of pneumonia.^[22]

After 85 days of solitude, her release coincided with Indiana Senator John W. Kern's initiation of a Senate investigation into the conditions in the local coal mines. Mary Lee Settle describes Jones at this fourth dimension in her 1978 novel The Scapegoat. Several months subsequently, she helped organize coal miners in Colorado in the 1913–1914 United Mine Workers of America strike against the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron company, in what is known as the Colorado Coalfield War. Once once more she was arrested, serving time in prison and inside the San Rafael Infirmary, and was escorted from the country in the months prior to the Ludlow Massacre. Later on the massacre, she was invited to meet face-to-confront with the possessor of the Ludlow mine, John D. Rockefeller Jr. The meeting was partially responsible for Rockefeller'due south 1915 visit to the Colorado mines and introduction of long-sought reforms.^[26]

Mother Jones attempted to stop miners from marching into Logan County, West Virginia, in tardily August 1921. Female parent Jones also visited the governor and departed bodacious he would intervene. Jones opposed the armed march, appeared on the line of march and told them to go home. In her manus, she claimed to take a telegram from President Warren Harding offer to work to stop the individual police in W Virginia if they returned dwelling. When UMW president Frank Keeney demanded to see the telegram, Mother Jones refused and he denounced her as a 'fake'. Because she refused to bear witness anyone the telegram, and the President's secretarial assistant denied ever having sent ane, she was suspected of having fabricated the story. Subsequently she fled the camp, she reportedly suffered a nervous breakup.^[27]

Female parent Jones was joined by Keeney and other UMWA officials who were also pressuring the miners to become home.

Later years [edit]

Jones was denounced on the floor of the U.S. Senate every bit the "grandmother of all agitators".

Jones remained a wedlock organizer for the UMW into the 1920s and connected to speak on union diplomacy almost until she died. She released her own account of her experiences in the labor motility every bit The Autobiography of Mother Jones (1925).^[28] Although Mother Jones organized for decades on behalf of the UMWA in West Virginia and even denounced the land as 'medieval', the chapter of the same name in her autobiography, she generally praises Governor Morgan for defending the First Amendment liberty of the labor weekly The Federationist to publish. His refusal to consent to the mine owners' request that he ban the newspaper demonstrated to Mother Jones that he 'refused to comply with the requests of the ascendant coin interests. To a man of that blazon, I wish to pay my respects'.^[29] Apparently Jones did not know or overlooked that Morgan had received well-nigh $1 one thousand thousand in campaign donations from industrialists in the 1920 election.^[30]

During her later years, Jones lived with her friends Walter and Lillie May Burgess on their subcontract in what is now Adelphi, Maryland. She celebrated her self-proclaimed 100th altogether there on May one, 1930 and was filmed making a argument for a newsreel.^[31]

Death [edit]

Mary Harris Jones died on November thirty, 1930 at the Burgess farm and so in Silver Bound, Maryland, though now function of Adelphi. There was a funeral Mass at St. Gabriel'southward in Washington, D.C.^{[33] [34]}

Mother Jones' burial site at the Spousal relationship Miners Cemetery in Mount Olive, Illinois

She is buried in the Union Miners Cemetery in Mount Olive, Illinois, alongside miners who died in the 1898 Battle of Virden.^{[35] [36] [37]} She called these miners, killed in strike-related violence, "her boys."^[38] In 1932, almost xv,000 Illinois mine workers gathered in Mount Olive to protest confronting the United Mine Workers, which soon became the Progressive Mine Workers of America. Convinced that they had acted in the spirit of Mother Jones, the miners decided to place a proper headstone on her grave. By 1936, the miners had saved upwardly more than than $16,000 and were able to buy "eighty tons of Minnesota pinkish granite, with bronze statues of 2 miners flanking a 20-human foot shaft featuring a bas-relief of Mother Jones at its center."^[39] On October 11, 1936, also known as Miners' Day, an estimated 50,000 people arrived at Mother Jones's grave to see the new gravestone and memorial. Since and then, October 11 is not only known as Miners' Day merely is besides referred to and celebrated in Mount Olive as "Mother Jones'due south 24-hour interval."^{[ citation needed ]}

The subcontract where she died began to advertise itself every bit the "Mother Jones Rest Home" in 1932, earlier being sold to a Baptist church building in 1956. The site is now marked with a Maryland Historical Trust marker, and a nearby elementary school is named in her honour.

Legacy [edit]

According to labor historian Melvyn Dubofsky:^[twoscore]

Indeed her renown as a radical rests on a shaky historical foundation. A adult female who publicly defendant UMW officials of selling out their followers to the capitalist course, she negotiated amicably with John D Rockefeller. Jr., in the aftermath of the 1914 Ludlow massacre....Famous for enlisting workers' wives in the labor struggle, she opposed women's suffrage and insisted that woman's place was in the abode....She was simply and essentially an individualist, ane who chose to devote the last thirty years of a long life to the cause of the working-course. Her influence on the American labor movement was, however, largely symbolic: the image of a grandmotherly, staidly dressed, slightly built woman unfazed by hostile employers, their hired gunmen, or anti-labor public officials intensified the militancy workers who saw her or who heard of her deeds.

• Jones' words are however invoked by union supporters more than than a century afterwards: "Pray for the expressionless and fight like hell for the living."^[41] Already known equally "the miners' angel" when she was denounced on the flooring of the United States Senate equally the "grandmother of all agitators", she replied, "I hope to alive long enough to be the groovy-grandmother of all agitators."^[42]
• During the biting 1989–90 Pittston Coal strike in Virginia, West Virginia and Kentucky, the wives and daughters of striking coal miners, inspired past the however-surviving tales of Jones's legendary work amidst an before generation of the region's coal miners, dubbed themselves the "Daughters of Mother Jones". They played a crucial role on the spotter lines and in presenting the miners' example to the press and public.^[43]
• Mother Jones magazine was established in the 1970s and quickly became "the largest selling radical magazine of the decade."^[44]
• Mary Harris "Mother" Jones Elementary School in Adelphi, Maryland.^[45]
• Students at Wheeling Jesuit Academy, Wheeling, Due west Virginia can utilize to reside in Mother Jones House, an off-campus service firm. Residents perform at least ten hours of community service each calendar week and participate in community dinners and events.^[46]
• In 1984, she was inducted into the National Women'due south Hall of Fame.^[47]
• To coincide with International Women's Day on March 8, 2010 a proposal from Councillor Ted Tynan for a plaque to be erected in Mary Harris Jones'due south native Cork Metropolis was passed by the Cork City Quango.^[48] Members of the Cork Female parent Jones Commemorative Committee unveiled the plaque^[49] on August 1, 2012 to marking the 175th ceremony of her nascency. The Cork Mother Jones Festival was held in the Shandon expanse of the city, close to her birthplace, with numerous guest speakers.^[fifty] The festival now takes place annually around the anniversary and has led to growing awareness of Mother Jones's legacy and links between admirers in Ireland and the Us.^[51] A new documentary, Mother Jones and her children, has been produced by Cork-based Frameworks Films ^[52] and premiered at the Cork festival in 2014.
• The imprisonment of "Mother" Jones is commemorated by the Land of West Virginia through a Historic Highway marker. The marker was fabricated by the West Virginia Division of Civilization and History. The marker reads, "PRATT. First settled in the early 1780s and incorporated in 1905. Important site in 1912–13 Paint–Motel Creek Strike. Labor organizer 'Mother Jones' spent her 84th altogether imprisoned hither. Pratt Celebrated District, listed on the National Register in 1984, recognizes the boondocks's important residential architecture from early on plantation to Victorian Styles." The marker is located in the town of Pratt, right off of Westward Virginia 61.^[53]
• In 2019, Mother Jones was inducted into the National Mining Hall of Fame.^[54]

Music and the arts [edit]

• In The American Songbag, Carl Sandburg suggests that the "she" in "She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain" references Mother Jones and her travels to Appalachian mountain coal-mining camps promoting the unionization of the miners.^[55]
• On February 25, 1925, Gene Autry recorded the W.C. Callaway composition "The Death Of Mother Jones".^[56]
• "The well-nigh dangerous adult female," a spoken-word performance by indie folk singer/spoken word performer Utah Phillips with music and backing vocals added to it by indie folk artist Ani Difranco, can be constitute on their collaborative album Fellow Workers. The title refers to the moniker that a West Virginia Commune Attorney Reese Blizzard gave to Mother Jones, referring to her as "the most unsafe adult female in America."^[1] Phillips performed the song "The Charge on Mother Jones." This folk song was written by William M. Rogers.^[57]
• In Uncle past J.P. Martin, a railroad train line is called Mother Jones's Siding and is rumored to be run past Mother Jones.
• Through the autumn of 1979 to summer 1980, the Overland Stage Company toured The Trial of Mother Jones throughout Wyoming and Colorado. The script by Roger Holzberg (with additional dialogue by Deb Scott) played in schools, customs settings, and for wedlock conferences. The centre school show was The Walsh Commission by John Murphy.^[58]
• "The Spirit of Female parent Jones" is a track on the 2010 Abocurragh anthology past Irish singer-songwriter Andy Irvine.^[59]
• The title track of folk-roots duo Wishing Chair and Kara Barnard's 2002 anthology Dishpan Brigade ^[60] is about Jones and her role in the 1899–1900 miners' strike in Arnot, Pennsylvania.^[61]
• Jones is the "woman" in Tom Russell's song "The Most Dangerous Woman in America," a commentary on the troubles of striking miners that appeared on his 2009 album Claret and Candle Smoke on the Shout! Factory label.
• The play The Kentucky Cycle: Burn in the Pigsty portrays Jones as an inspirational figure one of the other characters knew and was inspired past to go and create unions in other coal towns.
• The play Can't Scare Me...the Story of Mother Jones is written and performed by actress, playwright, and professor Kaiulani Lee. It premiered at the Atlas Theater in Washington, D.C. in 2011, and Lee took the testify on tour with the United Mine Workers beyond Colorado too as tours in Ireland, Bangladesh, and Cambodia.^[62]
• Mother Jones in Sky is a 1-woman musical written by the singer-songwriter and activist Si Kahn. It had its globe premiere in Juneau, Alaska in March 2014.
• Mother Jones and the Children'due south Crusade, a musical based on her work in Pennsylvania, debuted in July 2014 as role of the New York Musical Theatre Festival in NYC. The play starred Robin de Jesus and Lynne Wintersteller.^[63]
• "Never Call Me a Lady"^[64] (Brooklyn Publishers) is a ten-infinitesimal monologue by playwright Rusty Harding, in which Mother Jones recounts her life to a beau traveler in a Chicago train station.
• Victory at Arnot is a work for chamber grouping and narrator by composer Eleanor Aversa.^[65] Information technology recounts how Female parent Jones assisted with the coal miners' strike in 1899–1900 in Arnot, Pennsylvania, and celebrates the power of not-fierce resistance. The piece premiered in Philadelphia in 2016 and was followed by performances in Boston.^[66]

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Sandra L. Ballard; Patricia L. Hudson (2013). Listen Here: Women Writing in Appalachia. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN978-0813143583 . Retrieved September 26, 2013.
2. ^ Mean solar day by Day in Cork, Sean Beecher, Collins Press, Cork, 1992^{[ ISBN missing ] [ page needed ]}
3. ^ "Mary Harris Jones". Mother Jones Commemorative committee. March 7, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2012. ... This plaque volition be erected well-nigh the famous Cork Butter Market and volition be unveiled on 1st August 2012 which is the 175th Ceremony of her baptism in the North Cathedral [St. Mary's Cathedral] (we take not been able to ascertain her actual date of birth but it would most likely take been a few days before this date). Her parents were Ellen Cotter, a native of Inchigeela and Richard Harris from Cork urban center. Few details of her life in Cork have been uncovered to appointment, though it is thought by some that she was born on Blarney Street and may accept attended the N Presentation Schools nearby. She and her family unit emigrated to Canada soon after the Famine, probably in the early 1850s. ...
4. ^ "Mother Jones (1837–1930)". AFL–CIO. Retrieved Nov 30, 2012.
5. ^ ^{a b c d} Risjord, Norman Chiliad. (2005). Populists and progressives. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN0742521702. OCLC 494143478.
6. ^ ^{a b c} Arnesen, Eric. "A Tarnished Icon", Reviews in American History 30, no. 1 (2002): 89
7. ^ Gorn 2002, p. 33.
8. ^ Religion and Radical Politics: An Alternative Christian Tradition in the U.s., Robert H. Craig, Temple University Printing, Philadelphia, 1992^{[ ISBN missing ] [ page needed ]}
9. ^ ^{a b} Russell E. Smith, "March of the Mill Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 299
10. ^ Ric Arnesen, "A Tarnished Icon", Reviews in American History 30, no. i (2002): 89
11. ^ Gorn 2002, p. 45.
12. ^ Dreher, Rod (June 5, 2006) All-American Anarchists Archived April 29, 2011, at the Wayback Auto, The American Conservative
13. ^ Gorn 2002, p. 97.
14. ^ Gorn 2002.
15. ^ Russell Eastward. Smith, "March of the Manufacturing plant Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 298
16. ^ "The Autobiography of Female parent Jones 1925"
17. ^ ^{a b} Mari Boor Tonn, "Militant Motherhood: Labor'south Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones", Quarterly Journal of Speech 81, no. 1 (1996): 2
18. ^ Gorn 2002, p. 74.
19. ^ ^{a b} Bonnie Stepenoff, "Keeping information technology in the Family: Mother Jones and the Pennsylvania Silk Strike of 1900–1901", Labor History 38, no. 4 (1997): 446
20. ^ ^{a b} Bonnie Stepenoff, "Keeping it in the Family: Mother Jones and the Pennsylvania Silk Strike of 1900–1901", Labor History 38, no. 4 (1997): 448
21. ^ "Mother Jones leading a protest, circa 1903". Explore PA History . Retrieved November 30, 2015.
22. ^ ^{a b} "Today in labor history: Mother Jones leads march of miners' children". People'southward World. September 21, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
23. ^ Jones, Mother (1925). "Affiliate Ten: The March of the Manufactory Children". In Parton, Mary Field (ed.). The Autobiography of Female parent Jones. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company. Retrieved Nov thirty, 2015.
24. ^ Russell East. Smith, "March of the Manufactory Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 300
25. ^ Russell E. Smith, "March of the Mill Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. three (1967): 303
26. ^ Watson, William E.; Jr, Eugene J. Halus (2014). Irish gaelic Americans: The History and Culture of a People: The History and Culture of a People. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1610694674 – via Google Books.
27. ^ Fell, Lon (1990). Thunder in the Mountains: The Due west Virginia Mine State of war 1920–21 (1985 ed.). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 78–79. ^{[ ISBN missing ]}
28. ^ Jones, Mother (1925). Parton, Mary Field (ed.). The Autobiography of Mother Jones. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Visitor. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
29. ^ Female parent Jones (2004). The Autobiography of Female parent Jones (1925 ed.). Chicago: Charles Kerr. p. 144.
30. ^ Green, James (2015). The Devil is Here in These Hills: Due west Virginia'south Coal Miners and Their Battle for Freedom. NY: Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 218.
31. ^ "Mother Jones in Talkie; Friend of Labor Celebrates 100th Birthday at the Microphone". The New York Times. May 12, 1930.
32. ^ Obituary for Mother Mary Jones, The Washington Mail, December 2, 1930, p. iii.
33. ^ "Mother Jones Dies. Led Mine Workers". New York Times. Associated Printing. Dec 1, 1930. Retrieved Nov 30, 2012. 100-Year-Erstwhile [sic] Crusader in Her Time Had Headed Many All Dark Marches of Strikers. Often Went To President. Lost All Her Family in Memphis Epidemic of 1867. Miners Became Her "Children." Idolized past Workers. Celebrates 100th [sic] Birthday. Mary (Female parent) Jones, militant crusader for the rights of the laboring human being, died at 11:55 last nighttime at her home in near-past Maryland. She was 100 [sic] years onetime....
34. ^ "Service Tomorrow for Mother Jones," The Washington Post, December ii, 1930, p. 12.
35. ^ Gravesite: 39°04′l″N 89°44′00″W  /  39.080686°N 89.733286°Due west  / 39.080686; -89.733286
36. ^ Biggers, Jeff. "Battle of Virden". Zinn Teaching Project . Retrieved July eight, 2019.
37. ^ "United states Department of Labor – Labor Hall of Fame: Mary Harris "Mother" Jones". Dol.gov. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
38. ^ Gorn 2002, p. 297.
39. ^ Melvyn Dubofsky, "Jones ("Mother"), Mary Harris," in John A. Garraty, ed., Encyclopedia of American Biography (1974) pp. 599–601.^{[ ISBN missing ]}
40. ^ "Quotations from Mother Jones (#2)". Retrieved October 14, 2011.
41. ^ Silas Firm (2009). Something's Rising: Appalachians Fighting Mountaintop Removal. University Press of Kentucky. p. 62. ISBN978-0813173412.
42. ^ "Site Unavailable". www.ic.arizona.edu.
43. ^ Scully, Michael Andrew. "Would Mother Jones Buy 'Mother Jones'?", Public Interest 53, (1978): 100
44. ^ "Information". www1.pgcps.org.
45. ^ Service and Social Justice ministry webpage Archived Feb 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
46. ^ National Women's Hall of Fame, Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
47. ^ "Minutes of Ordinary Meeting of Cork City Council" (PDF) . Retrieved September half-dozen, 2010. ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
48. ^ "'Pray for the expressionless and fight like hell for the living'".
49. ^ "Female parent Jones Remembered". Retrieved March 17, 2012.
50. ^ "Female parent Jones festival begins today!". July 29, 2014.
51. ^ "Participate, Challenge, Community…Through Film". frameworksfilms.com.
52. ^ State of West Virginia (2002). Marking Our By: Westward Virginia'southward Historical Highway Markers. Charleston: West Virginia Partition of Culture and History. p. 70.
53. ^ "2019 National Mining Hall of Fame Inductees".
54. ^ Sandburg, Carl, The American Songbag, 1st edition. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1927.^{[ ISBN missing ] [ page needed ]}
55. ^ [Holly George-Warren, Public Cowboy no. i]
56. ^ Spiegel, Max. "The Charge on Mother Jones".
57. ^ "Theatre of Myth and Imagination". tmai.internet . Retrieved July 31, 2019.
58. ^ Denselow, Robin (December 23, 2010). "Andy Irvine: Abocurragh – review" – via www.theguardian.com.
59. ^ "♫ Dishpan Brigade – Wishing Chair and Kara Barnard. Listen @cdbaby".
60. ^ "Blossburg: William Bauchop Wilson: United Mine Workers of America". www.blossburg.org.
61. ^ "Tin can't Scare Me". Kaiulani Lee.
62. ^ "New York Musical Festival :: 2014 Events". nymf.org.
63. ^ "Never Call Me A Lady". www.brookpub.com – Brooklyn Publishers.
64. ^ eleanoraversa.com/performances
65. ^ "Review in Boston Irish Times".

Chief sources [edit]

• Jones, Mary Harris (1925). The Autobiography of Mother Jones. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co. ISBN0-486-43645-4.
• Colman, Penny (1994). Mother Jones Speaks. Brookfield, Connecticut: The Millbrook Press. ISBN978-0873488105.
• Corbin, David (2011). Gun Thugs, Rednecks, and Radicals: A Documentary History of the West Virginia Mine Wars. Oakland: PM Printing.

Further reading [edit]

• Dilliard, Irving and Mary Sue Dilliard Schusky, "Mary Harris Jones," in Notable American Women 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume II ed. by Edward T. Wilson, (1971) pp. 286–88.^{[ ISBN missing ]}
• Fetherling, Dale. Mother Jones, the Miners' Angel: A Portrait (1979) online
• Gorn, Elliott J. (2002). Female parent Jones: The Most Unsafe Adult female in America. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN978-0809070947.
• Savage, Lon (1990). Thunder in the Mountains: The W Virginia Mine War, 1920–21. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
• Country of West Virginia (2002). Marking Our By: West Virgnia's Historical Highway Markers. Charleston: Due west Virginia Division of Civilization and History.
• Steel, Edward M. Steel, "Mother Jones in the Fairmont Field, 1902", Journal of American History 57, Number September 2, 1970) pp. 290–307.

External links [edit]

• DVD and virtual museum virtually Mother Jones
• [ane]
• Mother Jones Speaks: Speeches and Writings of a Working-Grade Fighter
• Autobiography of Mother Jones at Projection Gutenberg
• Free eBook of The Autobiography of Mother Jones
• Works by Female parent Jones at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Mother Jones Monument at GuidepostUSA
• Michals, Debra. "Mary Harris Jones". National Women's History Museum. 2015.
• Jones with Calvin Coolidge 1924

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones

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